Interactive atlas
The 9 technology readiness levels
Use the map first, then open any level dossier for evidence examples, common review expectations, and funding window links.
TRL 1-3
Signal
Research, concept, and proof-of-concept evidence.TRL 4-6
Forge
Lab validation, prototypes, test loops, and pilot evidence.TRL 7-9
Flight
Operational validation, qualification, and deployment readiness.All dossiers
Level-by-level reference
Lowest level of technology readiness. Scientific research begins to be translated into applied research and development.
TRL 2 / Proof of conceptTechnology concept formulatedInvention begins. Once basic principles are observed, practical applications can be invented. Applications are often speculative.
TRL 3 / Proof of conceptExperimental proof of conceptActive research and development is initiated. Work moves beyond the paper phase to experimental work; laboratory studies validate predictions.
TRL 4 / Prototype developmentComponent and/or system validation in labBasic technological components are integrated to establish that they will work together. TRL 4–6 is the bridge from scientific research to engineering.
TRL 5 / Prototype developmentLaboratory-scale, similar system validation in relevant environmentBasic components are integrated with reasonably realistic supporting elements and tested in a simulated environment.
TRL 6 / Prototype developmentEngineering or pilot-scale prototype demonstrated in relevant environmentRepresentative model or prototype system, well beyond TRL 5, is tested in a relevant environment. The step up from laboratory scale to engineering scale.
TRL 7 / Manufacturing or commercializationFull-scale system prototype demonstration in operational environmentPrototype near, or at, the planned operational system. Requires demonstration of an actual system prototype in an operational environment.
TRL 8 / Manufacturing or commercializationSystem complete and qualified through test and demonstrationTechnology has been proven to work in its final form and under expected conditions. This represents the end of true system development.
TRL 9 / Manufacturing or commercializationActual system proven in operational environment over full range of expected conditionsActual application of the technology in its final form and under mission conditions (e.g., Operational Test and Evaluation).